Many organizations invest large amounts in front - end analysis , diagramming , training , and other elements of development , but then casually send programmers out at the end of the cycle to reconnoiter for compilers , cross - compilers , license managers , and other tools to help with deployment 許多組織都把大量投資投到了前端分析、框圖繪制、培訓(xùn)以及開發(fā)的其它方面上,卻只在開發(fā)周期的后期才偶而讓程序員們?nèi)ヌ讲煊兄诓渴鸬木幾g器、交叉編譯器、許可證管理器以及其它工具。